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PAM-CRASH Rear Impact and Whiplash Simulation

30 Chapters
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01
Rear impact and whiplash fundamentals
injury mechanisms, biomechanics, and regulatory test protocols (FMVSS 202a, Euro NCAP, IIHS).
whiplashmechanisms
02
PAM-CRASH solver architecture for crashworthiness
explicit time integration, contact algorithms, and material models relevant to rear impact.
PAM-CRASHarchitecture
03
Building a rear impact sled model in PAM-CRASH
seat, head restraint, dummy positioning, and boundary conditions.
BuildingPAM-CRASH
04
LS-DYNA vs. PAM-CRASH for whiplash simulation
solver differences, keyword mapping, and model conversion strategies.
LS-DYNAPAM-CRASH
05
Mesh generation for rear impact models
shell and solid element selection, mesh density, and quality criteria for seat and dummy components.
generationselection
06
Material modeling for seat structures
elastic-plastic metals, foams, and polymers under dynamic rear impact loading.
Materialmodeling
07
BioRID-II dummy modeling in PAM-CRASH
joint definitions, contact interfaces, and validation against calibration tests.
BioRID-IImodeling
08
THOR dummy for rear impact
model setup, instrumentation, and comparison with BioRID-II responses.
THORinstrumentation
09
Head restraint geometry and stiffness
parametric modeling and optimization using PAM-CRASH design of experiments.
restraintgeometry
10
Seatback deformation and energy absorption
simulating collapse mechanisms and their effect on occupant kinematics.
Seatbackdeformation
11
Whiplash injury criteria
NIC, Nkm, LNL, and IV-NIC implementation in PAM-CRASH post-processing.
Whiplashcriteria
12
Contact definition for occupant-seat interaction
friction, penetration control, and adaptive contact in PAM-CRASH.
definitionoccupant-seat
13
Belt and airbag modeling for rear impact
pretensioner, load limiter, and out-of-position considerations.
modelingpretensioner
14
Low-speed rear impact (whiplash) simulation
pulse generation, delta-V, and correlation with sled tests.
Low-speedwhiplash
15
High-speed rear impact simulation
structural crush, occupant excursion, and restraint system performance.
High-speedsimulation
16
Seat structure validation
comparing simulation results with physical sled tests using PAM-CRASH and correlation metrics.
structurevalidation
17
Parametric study of seat design variables
head restraint height, backset, and seatback stiffness using PAM-CRASH.
Parametricvariables
18
Optimization workflows in PAM-CRASH
response surface methods, genetic algorithms, and multi-objective trade-offs.
Optimizationworkflows
19
Modeling of active head restraints
deployment logic, sensor triggers, and simulation in PAM-CRASH.
Modelingrestraints
20
Rear impact with occupant variability
scaling dummy models for size, weight, and age effects.
occupantvariability
21
Simulation of rear impact with child occupants
CRS modeling, belt routing, and injury criteria in PAM-CRASH.
Simulationoccupants
22
Post-processing and visualization in PAM-CRASH
animation, contour plots, and extraction of injury metrics.
Post-processingvisualization
23
Verification and validation (V&V) for rear impact models
mesh convergence, energy balance, and experimental correlation.
Verificationvalidation
24
Sensitivity analysis and robustness assessment
Monte Carlo simulation and stochastic effects in PAM-CRASH.
Sensitivityanalysis
25
Integration of rear impact simulation into vehicle development
CAE/Test correlation and design iteration.
Integrationsimulation
26
Case study
full vehicle rear impact simulation with PAM-CRASH—model setup, run, and results interpretation.
simulationPAM-CRASH
27
Case study
seat system optimization for whiplash protection using PAM-CRASH and LS-OPT.
optimizationwhiplash
28
Advanced topics
fluid-structure interaction, ALE methods, and their application to rear impact simulation.
Advancedfluid-structure
29
Emerging trends
machine learning surrogates, real-time simulation, and digital twin for whiplash assessment.
Emergingsurrogates
30
Course project
end-to-end rear impact simulation in PAM-CRASH—from model build to injury risk evaluation.
end-to-endsimulation