3. 摄像头实时目标检测
任务目标
调用本机摄像头捕获实时视频流,使用YOLO模型对每一帧执行目标检测,在画面中绘制检测框与类别标签,并实时显示处理帧率(FPS)。
环境依赖
- Python 3.8+
- OpenCV:
pip install opencv-python - NumPy:
pip install numpy(OpenCV依赖,通常自动安装) - YOLO权重与配置:从Darknet官网下载
yolov3.weights(约248MB)、yolov3.cfg,以及coco.names(80类目标名)。将三个文件置于与脚本同目录。
完整实现代码
import cv2
import numpy as np
import time
# ---------- 加载模型 ----------
net = cv2.dnn.readNet("yolov3.weights", "yolov3.cfg")
layer_names = net.getLayerNames()
output_layers = [layer_names[i - 1] for i in net.getUnconnectedOutLayers()]
with open("coco.names", "r") as f:
classes = [line.strip() for line in f.readlines()]
# ---------- 摄像头初始化 ----------
cap = cv2.VideoCapture(0) # 0 为默认摄像头
if not cap.isOpened():
print("错误:无法打开摄像头")
exit()
# ---------- 实时检测循环 ----------
prev_time = time.time()
frame_count = 0
fps = 0
while True:
ret, frame = cap.read()
if not ret:
print("错误:无法读取视频帧")
break
height, width = frame.shape[:2]
# YOLO 前向推理
blob = cv2.dnn.blobFromImage(frame, 1/255.0, (416, 416), swapRB=True, crop=False)
net.setInput(blob)
outputs = net.forward(output_layers)
# 解析检测结果
boxes, confidences, class_ids = [], [], []
for output in outputs:
for detection in output:
scores = detection[5:]
class_id = np.argmax(scores)
confidence = scores[class_id]
if confidence > 0.5: # 置信度阈值
center_x = int(detection[0] * width)
center_y = int(detection[1] * height)
w = int(detection[2] * width)
h = int(detection[3] * height)
x = int(center_x - w / 2)
y = int(center_y - h / 2)
boxes.append([x, y, w, h])
confidences.append(float(confidence))
class_ids.append(class_id)
# NMS 去除重叠框
indexes = cv2.dnn.NMSBoxes(boxes, confidences, 0.5, 0.4)
# 绘制检测框
for i in range(len(boxes)):
if i in indexes:
x, y, w, h = boxes[i]
label = classes[class_ids[i]]
cv2.rectangle(frame, (x, y), (x + w, y + h), (0, 255, 0), 2)
cv2.putText(frame, f"{label} {confidences[i]:.2f}", (x, y - 10),
cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.6, (0, 255, 0), 2)
# 计算并显示 FPS
frame_count += 1
curr_time = time.time()
if curr_time - prev_time >= 1.0: # 每秒更新一次
fps = frame_count / (curr_time - prev_time)
frame_count = 0
prev_time = curr_time
cv2.putText(frame, f"FPS: {fps:.1f}", (10, 30),
cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (0, 0, 255), 2)
# 显示画面
cv2.imshow("YOLO Real-time Detection", frame)
# 按 'q' 退出
if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
break
# ---------- 释放资源 ----------
cap.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
运行方式
- 将
yolov3.weights、yolov3.cfg、coco.names与上述脚本置于同一目录。 - 运行命令:
python realtime_detection.py - 程序启动后,摄像头画面窗口弹出,检测框与FPS实时叠加显示。
验证方法与通过标准
- 功能验证:将任意物体(如人、手机、杯子)置于摄像头前,画面中应出现绿色检测框,框上方显示类别名称与置信度(如
person 0.85)。 - FPS验证:画面左上角显示红色FPS数值,正常应大于5(取决于CPU/GPU性能)。
- 退出验证:按下键盘
q键,窗口关闭,程序正常结束,终端无报错。
常见问题
- 摄像头打不开:检查设备索引,若默认摄像头不是0,改为
cv2.VideoCapture(1)尝试。 - 检测速度极慢:可改用
yolov3-tiny.weights与yolov3-tiny.cfg(更小更快),或降低输入尺寸(320, 320)。 - 误检/漏检:调整置信度阈值(当前0.5)与NMS阈值(当前0.4),阈值越低检测越多但误检也增多。